Multiple Myeloma

Home » Paediatric Haematology & Oncology » Multiple Myeloma

Overview

Multiple myeloma is a rare type of cancer that affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which help the body fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, crowding out healthy cells and producing proteins that can damage organs, particularly the kidneys, and weaken bones. While multiple myeloma is more common in adults, it can occur in children, though it is extremely rare.

Symptoms

The symptoms of multiple myeloma in children can be diverse and may develop slowly, making it challenging to diagnose early. Common symptoms include:

Bone Pain and Fractures: Pain in the back or ribs and an increased risk of fractures, even with minor injuries, due to weakened bones.
Fatigue and Weakness: A shortage of red blood cells (anemia) can cause persistent tiredness and a lack of energy.
Frequent Infections: A reduction in healthy white blood cells weakens the immune system, leading to frequent infections.
Kidney Problems: High levels of certain proteins produced by the cancer cells can lead to kidney damage, resulting in symptoms like swelling, fatigue, and changes in urination.
Numbness or Weakness: If the cancer affects the bones of the spine, it can compress nerves, causing numbness or weakness, particularly in the legs.

Causes

The exact cause of multiple myeloma in children is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development:

Genetic Predisposition: In some cases, genetic mutations or inherited conditions may increase the risk.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, or viral infections may play a role in the development of multiple myeloma.
Abnormal Plasma Cell Growth: The disease begins with one abnormal plasma cell that multiplies rapidly, but why this happens is still under investigation.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing multiple myeloma in children involves several tests and evaluations to confirm the presence of the disease and assess its impact:

Blood Tests: These tests check for high levels of calcium, proteins, and abnormal plasma cells in the blood.
Bone Marrow Biopsy: A sample of bone marrow is examined to look for cancerous plasma cells.
Imaging Tests: X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans may be used to detect bone damage, fractures, or tumors caused by the disease.
Urine Tests: Urine tests can detect abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells, which can indicate kidney damage.

Treatment Options

Treatment for multiple myeloma in children typically involves a combination of therapies aimed at controlling the cancer and managing symptoms:

Chemotherapy: Powerful drugs are used to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. This is often the first line of treatment.
Stem Cell Transplant: High-dose chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant can help rebuild healthy bone marrow and increase the chances of long-term remission.
Targeted Therapy: These treatments focus on specific molecules involved in the growth of myeloma cells, with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy: This may be used to target specific areas where the cancer has caused significant bone damage or pain.
Supportive Care: Managing symptoms like pain, anemia, and infections is crucial to improving the child’s quality of life during treatment.

Patient Success Stories

At Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital, we are committed to providing the best possible care for children with Multiple Myeloma. Here’s why families trust us:

“When our son was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, we felt overwhelmed and scared. The team at Gertrude's Children's Hospital not only provided expert medical care but also gave us the support and encouragement we needed. Thanks to their comprehensive treatment plan, our son is now in remission and enjoying life like any other child.”
Markparent of a child with multiple myeloma

Living with Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is extremely rare in children, with most cases occurring in adults. However, when it does occur in children, it requires specialized care from an experienced pediatric oncology team.

The prognosis for children with multiple myeloma varies depending on the stage at diagnosis, the child’s overall health, and the effectiveness of the treatment. With advances in treatment, many children achieve remission and live fulfilling lives.

Stem cell transplants are often recommended for children with multiple myeloma, especially when other treatments are not effective. This procedure can help restore healthy bone marrow and improve the chances of long-term remission.